Chemistry and Our Universe: How It All Works

(By Ron B. Davis Jr.)

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Author	Ron B. Davis Jr.

“Book Descriptions: Listening Length: 30 hours and 6 minutes

Chemistry and Our Universe: How It All Works is your in-depth introduction to this vital field, taught over 60 visually innovative half-hour lectures that are suitable for the chemist in all of us, no matter what our background. Covering a year’s worth of introductory general chemistry at the college level, plus intriguing topics that are rarely discussed in the classroom, this amazingly comprehensive course requires nothing more advanced than high-school math. Employing simple concepts, logical reasoning, and vivid graphics that illuminate the wonders of chemistry, these lectures make essential concepts crystal clear. Best of all, this highly interactive approach features extensive hands-on, dramatic demonstrations, from which you will gain extraordinary insight into how the universe works.

Your guide is Professor Ron B. Davis, Jr., a research chemist and award-winning teacher at Georgetown University. With passion and humor, Professor Davis guides you through the fascinating world of atoms, molecules, and their ceaseless interactions, showing you how to think, analyze problems, and predict outcomes like a true expert in the field.

Chemistry and Our Universe
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
Professor Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Course Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
LECTURE GUIDES
LECTURE 1
Is Chemistry the Science of Everything? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
LECTURE 2
Matter and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
LECTURE 3
Wave Nature of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
LECTURE 4
Particle Nature of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
LECTURE 5
Basic Structure of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
LECTURE 6
Electronic Structure of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
LECTURE 7
Periodic Trends: Navigating the Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
LECTURE 8
Compounds and Chemical Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Table of Contents iii
LECTURE 9
Joining Atoms: The Chemical Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
LECTURE 10
Mapping Molecules: Lewis Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
LECTURE 11
VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
LECTURE 12
Hybridization of Orbitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
LECTURE 13
Molecular Orbital Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
LECTURE 14
Communicating Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
LECTURE 15
Chemical Accounting: Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
LECTURE 16
Enthalpy and Calorimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
LECTURE 17
Hess’s Law and Heats of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
LECTURE 18
Entropy: The Role of Randomness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
LECTURE 19
Influence of Free Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
LECTURE 20
Intermolecular Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
iv Chemistry and Our Universe
LECTURE 21
Phase Changes in Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
LECTURE 22
Behavior of Gases: Gas Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
LECTURE 23
Kinetic Molecular Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
LECTURE 24
Liquids and Their Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
LECTURE 25
Metals and Ionic Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
LECTURE 26
Covalent Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
LECTURE 27
Mixing It Up: Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
LECTURE 28
Solubility and Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
LECTURE 29
Colligative Properties of Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
LECTURE 30
Modeling Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
LECTURE 31
Temperature and Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
LECTURE 32
Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Table of Contents v
LECTURE 33
The Back and Forth of Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
LECTURE 34
Manipulating Chemical Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
LECTURE 35
Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
LECTURE 36
Weak Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
LECTURE 37
Acid‑Base Reactions and Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
LECTURE 38
Polyprotic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
LECTURE 39
Structural Basis for Acidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
LECTURE 40
Electron Exchange: Redox Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
LECTURE 41
Electromotive Force and Free Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
LECTURE 42
Storing Electrical Potential: Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
LECTURE 43
Nuclear Chemistry and Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
LECTURE 44
Binding Energy and the Mass Defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
vi Chemistry and Our Universe
LECTURE 45
Breaking Things Down: Nuclear Fission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
LECTURE 46
Building Things Up: Nuclear Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
LECTURE 47
Introduction to Organic Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
LECTURE 48
Heteroatoms and Functional Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
LECTURE 49
Reactions in Organic Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
LECTURE 50
Synthetic Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
LECTURE 51
Biological Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
LECTURE 52
Medicinal Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
LECTURE 53
Poisons, Toxins, and Venoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
LECTURE 54
Chemical Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
LECTURE 55
Tapping Chemical Energy: Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
LECTURE 56
Unleashing Chemical Energy: Explosives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Table of Contents vii
LECTURE 57
Chemistry of the Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
LECTURE 58
Chemistry of Our Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
LECTURE 59
Atmospheric Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
LECTURE 60
Chemistry, Life, and the Cosmos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Image Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460”